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John Ericsson (July 31, 1803 – March 8, 1889) was an American Swedish-born inventor and mechanical engineer, as was his brother, Nils Ericson. He was born at Långbanshyttan in Värmland, Sweden, but primarily came to be active in the United States.

John's and Nils's father Olaf Ericsson who worked as the supervisor for a mine in Värmland had lost money in speculations and had to move his family from Värmland to Forsvik in 1810. There he worked as a 'director of blastings' during the excavation of the Swedish Göta Canal. The extraordinary skills of the two brothers were discovered by Baltzar von Platen, the architect of the Göta Canal. The two brothers were dubbed cadets of mechanics of the Swedish Royal Navy and engaged as trainees at the canal enterprise. At the age of fourteen, John was already working independently as a surveyor. His assistant had to carry a footstool for him to reach the instruments during surveying work.
At the age of seventeen he joined the Swedish army in Jämtland, serving in the Jämtland Field Ranger Regiment, as a Second Lieutenant, but was soon promoted to Lieutenant. He was sent to northern Sweden to do surveying, and in his spare time he constructed a heat engine which used the fumes from the fire instead of steam as a propellant. His skill and interest in mechanics made him resign from the army and move to England in 1826. However, his heat engine was not a success, as his prototype was designed to use birch wood as fuel, and would not work well with coal, which was the main fuel used in England.

Notwithstanding the disappointment, he invented several other mechanisms instead based on steam, improving the heating process by adding fans to increase oxygen supply to the fire bed. In 1829 the steam engine he built with John Braithwaite, "Novelty", joined the Rainhill Trials, a competition arranged by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Although it was the fastest in the competition, it suffered recurring boiler problems and the competition was won by the English engineer George and his son Robert Stephenson with Rocket.

By helping to quell the celebrated Astor House fire, Ericsson's steam fire engine proved an outstanding technical success, but met with resistance from London's established 'Fire Laddies' and municipal authorities. An engine Ericsson constructed for Sir John Franklin's use failed under the Antarctic conditions for which, out of Franklin's desire to conceal his destination, it had not been designed. At this stage of Ercisson's career the most successful and enduring of his inventions was the steam condenser, which allowed a steamer to produce fresh water for its boilers while at sea. His 'deep sea lead,' a pressure-activated fathometer was another minor, but enduring success.

The commercial failure and development costs of some of the machines devised and built by Ericsson during this period put him into debtors' prison for an interval and at this time he also married 19-year-old Amelia Byam, a marriage that was nothing but a huge disaster and ended in the couple's separation until Amelia's death.

Primarily remembered for designing the first iron-clad warship, Ericsson wasborn in the Värmland region of Sweden and displayed an early forscience talent and mathematics. As an adolescent he worked as a draftsman on the Swedish Göta Canal project and later served as a land surveyor in the Swedish Army. As an Adolescent he worked as a Draftsman on the Swedish Göta Canal project, and later served as a land surveyor in the Swedish Army.

Ericsson went to London, England, in 1826 to pursue a career in engineering.During the next thirteen years, he developed an interest in propulsion systems, making several improvements to steam engine design, experimenting with theuse of compressed air for power, and working on a device he termed the caloric engine. Ericsson WENT TO LONDON, England, in 1826 to pursue a career in the next engineering.During Thirteen years, he developed an interest in Propulsion systems, making China Trust Improvements to steam engine design, experimenting with theuse of compressed water for power, and working on a device he termed the caloric engine. In 1829, Ericsson and John Braithwaite designed and built a locomotive which they entered in the Rainhill Trials, a competition to find the best new locomotive design. In 1829, Ericsson and John Braithwaite Designed and built a Locomotive Which they want entered in the Rainhill Trials, a competition to find the best new design Locomotive. The competition was won George Stephenson's famous locomotive, the Rocket. The competition was won famous George Stephenson's Locomotive, the Rocket. Ericsson later turned his attentions to naval engineering. Ericsson later turned his attentions to naval engineering. His innovations in ship design include placing the engines below the waterline and replacing the commonly used paddle wheel with a screw propeller. His Innovations in ship design include placing the engines below the waterline and Used commonly replacing the paddle wheel with a screw propeller. These design modifications considerably reduced the vulnerability of ship propulsion systems to damage from hostile fire. These design modifications considerably reduced the vulnerability of the ship Propulsion systems to damage from Hostile fire. In 1837 a ship incorporating these design elements, the Francis B. In 1837 a ship incorporating These design elements, the Francis B. Ogden , was successfully launched. Ogden, was successfully launched.

In 1839 Robert Field Stockton, a captain in the US Navy, brought Ericsson to the United States to build the engines and propulsion system for the USS Princeton , the first propeller-driven, steam-powered, iron-hulled warship. In 1839 Robert Field Stockton, a captain in the U.S. Navy, Ericsson brought to the the United States to build the engines and Propulsion System for the USS Princeton, the first propeller-driven, steam-powered, iron-hulled warship. During an 1844 demonstration attended by President John Tyler, one of the Princeton 's guns exploded, killing the US secretary of the Navy and several others. During the 1844 demonstration attended by President John Tyler, one of the Princeton 's guns exploded, killing the U.S. secretary of the Navy and Trust others. No blame, however, was attached to any of the designers. No blame, however, was attached to any of the designers. Ericsson became a naturalized US citizen in 1848. Ericsson's U.S. Became a naturalized citizen in 1848.

During the Civil War, Ericsson presented the United States government with adesign for a new type of heavily armored warship. During the Civil War, Ericsson Presented with the United States government adesign for a new type of heavily armored warship. Built in 1861 and launchedin January of the following year, Ericsson's vessel, dubbed the Monitor, was the first completely iron-clad warship. Built in 1861 and launchedin Following January of the year, Ericsson's vessel, dubbed the Monitor, was the first completely iron-clad warship. Driven by a steam-powered screw propeller, the Monitor had a low box-like shape, 172-feet long, andwas armored with five inches of iron plate on the sides and one inch on the deck. Driven by a steam-powered screw propeller, the Monitor had a low box-like shape, 172-feet long, andwas armored with five inches of iron plate on the sides and one inch on the deck. The Monitor 's two eleven-inch guns were enclosed in a deck-mounted turret covered with eight inches of iron plate and rotated by steam power.Soon after the Monitor was launched, Confederate forces salvaged a ship called the Merrimack (also known as the Virginia ) and coveredit with iron railroad track. The Monitor 's two eleven-inch guns Were enclosed in a deck-mounted turret covered with eight inches of iron plate rotated by steam power.Soon and after the Monitor was launched, a ship salvaged Confederate forces Called the Merrimack (Also Known as the Virginia) and coveredit with iron railroad tracks.

On March 8, 1862 the Merrimack sailed into the harbor at the mouth ofthe James River in Virginia and used its ten guns to sink two wooden-hulled Union warships. On March 8, 1862 the Merrimack sailed Into the Harbor at the mouth ofthe James River in Virginia and Used guns its about to sink two wooden-hulled Union warships. While the Merrimack attacked a third ship on the following day, the Monitor arrived on the scene. While the Merrimack attacked a third ship on the Following Day, the Monitor arrived on the scene. The two iron-clad vessels exchanged numerous rounds in a heated battle. The two iron-clad vessels exchanged numerous rounds in a heated battle. When the Merrimack scoreda direct hit on the pilothouse of the Monitor, the captain of the Union vessel was blinded by flying iron fragments and let his ship wander into shallow water. When the Merrimack scoreda direct hit on the pilothouse of the Monitor, the captain of the Union vessel was blinded by a flying iron fragments and let his ship into shallow water Wander. The crew of the Merrimack concluded that they had won and returned to their home base leaking water and low on ammunition. The crew of the Merrimack concluded That Had won, and they want on their home base Returned to leaking water and low on ammunition. The Merrimack 's success in sinking wooden ships served as a propaganda victory for the Confederacy, but most commentators either interpret the battle betweenthe two iron-clad ships as a victory for the Monitor or find the results inconclusive. The Merrimack 's success in sinking wooden ships served as a propaganda victory for the Confederacy, but most either Commentators interpret the battle betweenthe two iron-clad ships as a victory for the Monitor or find the inconclusive results. Never particularly seaworthy, the Monitor sank during a storm in December 1862 with a loss of sixteen lives. Never particularly seaworthy, the Monitor sank During a storm in December 1862 with a loss of Sixteen Lives.

Ericsson went on to design and build other monitor-type vessels for the USgovernment. Ericsson WENT on to design and build other monitor-type vessels for the USgovernment. He also experimented with torpedoes and investigated uses for solar energy. He experimented with torpedoes Also and investigated the uses for solar energy. After his death in 1889, Ericsson's body was returned to his native land at the request of the Swedish government. After his death in 1889, Ericsson's body was Returned to his native land at the request of the Swedish government. Monitors of Civil-War era design were used by various navies until the early part of the twentieth century, last serving as submarine tenders during World War I before being scrapped. Monitors of the Civil-War era design by Various navies Were Used Until the early part of the Twentieth Century, last serving as submarine Tenders During World War I before being scrapped. Monitor-class vessels of modern design have been used by the United States,the Soviet Union, Britain, and Romania as river gunboats and landing craft. Monitor-class vessels of modern design have been Used by the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, and Romania as river gunboats and landing craft.

Few seem to know that Ericsson was a true mechanical genius who, as a very young boy, constructed models of machines he had never seen and that had only been described to him. Few seem to Know That Ericsson was a true mechanical genius of the WHO, as a very young boy, he constructed models of machines and never seen That Had Had only been described to him ". In one instance, despite never having seen a windmill,he correctly sketched the mechanism that connected the windmill crank with the power lever. In one instance, despite never having seen a Windmill, he sketched the mechanism That Correctly connected with the Windmill crank the power lever. Once Ericsson's prodigious talents were brought to the attention of the president of the Gotha ship canal project, the twelve year old boywas made a member of the canal surveying team and was soon directing the workof some 600 soldier/laborers. Once Were Ericsson's prodigious talents brought to the attention of the president of the Gotha ship canal project, the Twelve year old boywas made a member of the canal Surveying team and was soon directing the workof Some 600 soldiers / laborers. So respected was the twelve year old that thearmy assigned one soldier to do nothing but carry a stool for the young engineer to stand upon while he used the tall surveying instruments. So respected was the Twelve year old thearmy That one soldier assigned to do nothing but carry a stool for the young engineer to stand upon while he Used the tall Surveying instruments.

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